The middle pharyngeal constrictor is a sheet-like, fan-shaped muscle. It acts to propel a bolus downwards along the pharynx towards the esophagus, facilitating swallowing. It is innervated by a branch of the vagus nerve through the pharyngeal plexus. The middle pharyngeal constrictor originates from the greater cornu and lesser cornu of the hyoid bone, and the stylohyoid ligament. It is smaller than the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. It is one of three pharyngeal constrictor muscles. Touré G, Vacher C (2006) Anatomic study of tongue architecture based on fetal histological sections.The middle pharyngeal constrictor is a fan-shaped muscle located in the neck. Longman Green and Co., London, New York, pp 199–350 In: Schäfer EA, Thane GD (eds) Quain’s elements of anatomy. Takemoto H (2001) Morphological analyses of the human tongue musculature for three-dimensional modeling. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, New York, Oxford, Philadelphia St Louis, Sydney, Toronto, pp 439–723 In: Standring S, Ellis H, Healy JC, Johnson D, Williams A (eds) Gray’s Anatomy, 39th edn. Sonoda N, Tamatsu Y (2008) Observation on the attachment of muscles onto the hyoid bone in human adults. Oxford University Press, London, pp 259–397 In: Romanes GJ (ed) Cunningham’s textbook of anatomy, 11th edn. Longman Green and Co., London, New York, Bombay, pp 1–145 Schäfer EA, Symington PJ (1896) The organs of digestion. Sanders I, Mu L (2013) A three-dimensional atlas of human tongue muscles. Sakamoto Y (2014) Gross anatomical observations of attachments of the middle pharyngeal constrictor. Saito H, Itoh I (2007) The three-dimensional architecture of the human styloglossus especially its posterior muscle bundles. Ogata S, Mine K, Tamatsu Y, Shimada K (2002) Morphological study of the human chondroglossus muscle in Japanese. The Blakiston Company, New York, Toronto, pp 399–609 In: Schaeffer JP (ed) Morris’ human anatomy, 11th edn. Grant JCB, Smith CG (1953) The musculature. Surg Radiol Anat 35:3–10ĭoran GA, Baggett H (1972) The genioglossus muscle: a reassessment of its anatomy in some mammals, including man. Doe this confirm the current TNM T4a muscular subclassification? Surg Radiol Anat 35:559–564ĭallan I, Seccia V, Faggioni L, Castelnuovo P, Montevecchi F, Casani AP, Tschabitscher M, Vicini C (2013) Anatomical landmarks for transoral robotic tongue base surgery: comparison between endoscopic, external and radiological perspectives. The Blakiston Company, New York, Toronto, pp 1292–1424īoland PW, Pataridis K, Eley KA, Golding SJ, Watt-Smith SR (2013) A detailed anatomical assessment of the lateral tongue extrinsic musculature, and proximity to the tongue mucosal surface. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, p 35īlount RF, Lachman E (1953) The digestive system. J Anat 73:201–210īergman RA, Thompson SA, Afifi AK, Saadeh FA (1988) Compendium of human anatomic variation: text, atlas, and world literature. ![]() Some units act separately, and others cooperate across the traditional boundaries of the muscles.Ībd-el-Malek S (1939) Observations on the morphology of the human tongue. The extrinsic muscles are subdivided into small groups of fibers depending on their spatial interrelationships, suggesting that they contain many functional units. Three bundles were inserted into the apex with the inferior longitudinal muscle or joined the inferior parts of the genioglossus. The external and internal bundles fused with the fibers of the palatoglossus and the superior pharyngeal constrictor, respectively. The styloglossus arising from the styloid process coursed externally and internally to the hyoglossus and between its two parts. ![]() The chondroglossus arising from the lesser horn ascended internally to the lateral fibers of the inferior parts. Although its fibers radiated from the mental spine to the tongue internal to the inferior longitudinal muscle, the lateral fibers of the inferior parts passed externally to it, and the most inferior part attached to the hyoid bone and the epiglottis. The genioglossus consisted of many compartments. The quadrilateral anterior part contained several parallel bundles, and the triangular posterior part comprised of three bundles converging to the insertion. They ascended to the tongue external to the genioglossus. The hyoglossus consisted of two parts arising from the hyoid body and the greater horn, respectively. The extrinsic muscles of the tongue were gross anatomically investigated in 42 cadavers. The aim was to clarify their spatial interrelationships. The tongue is a highly muscular organ, and the extrinsic muscles of the tongue overlap one another, which makes their configuration intricate.
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